Motivações para o uso do smartphone e tempo de uso por adultos durante a pandemia COVID-19

Introdução: Padrões e motivações para o uso de smartphones não são consistentes, variando assim com o uso da internet, que tem sido um aliado, ajudando pessoas com medidas de distanciamento social. Objetivo: Investigar motivações para o uso do smartphone e o tempo de uso por adultos durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado entre maio e junho de 2020, com adultos que utilizaram smartphones durante a pandemia. As informações foram obtidas por meio de um questionário online, o Google Forms®, contendo as variáveis socioeconômicas, as motivações para o uso do smartphone e o tempo gasto com ele (em horas). Os dados categóricos foram analisados por meio do software SPSS, e foram expressos como frequências absolutas e relativas, por meio da análise bivariada, aplicadas para avaliar associações entre o “aumento do uso de smartphones” e variáveis socioeconômicas e motivações utilizando o qui-quadrado de Pearson, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: 658 indivíduos participaram do estudo, dos quais (84,2%) disseram estar usando o celular por períodos mais longos devido a medidas de distanciamento social, enquanto parte da população utilizou o smartphone por motivos de lazer (27,3%); 30,7% utilizaram o dispositivo de 7 a 12 horas, com 77,0% relatando que o smartphone os ajudou com o distanciamento social; e 35,6% relataram que essa tecnologia os ajudou a manter seu bem- estar mental; esses valores apresentaram significância estatística, com p <0.001. Conclusão: O tempo de uso do smartphone aumentou com a pandemia, que teve um efeito satisfatório na continuidade do distanciamento social, pois remotamente permite a interação social.Introduction: Patterns and motivations for smartphone use are not consistent, thus varying with internet use, which has been an ally in helping people with social distancing measures. Objective: Investigate motivations for smartphone use and time of use by adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional study, performed between May and June 2020, with adults who used smartphones during the pandemic. The information was obtained through an online questionnaire, Google Forms®, containing the socioeconomic variables, the motivations for using the smartphone and the time spent using it (in hours). The categorical data were analyzed using the SPSS software and were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies, through bivariate analysis, applied to evaluate associations between the “increased smartphone use” and socioeconomic variables and motivations using Pearson’s chi-square, considering the significance level of 5%. Results: 658 individuals participated in this study, of which 84.2% said they were using the cell phone for longer periods due to social distancing measures, while part of the population used the smartphone for leisure reasons (27.3%); 30.7% used the device for 7 to 12 hours, with 77.0% reporting that the smartphone helped them with social distancing; and 35.6% reported this technology helped them to maintain their mental well-being; these values showed statistical significance, with p <0.001. Conclusion: The time of smartphone use increased with the pandemic, which had a satisfactory effect on continuing social distancing, as it remotely allows social interaction

Transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade e desempenho acadêmico:: revisão sistemática

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is usually diagnosed in school-age children. Thus, we have aimed to describe, through the literature, interventions for children with ADHD focusing on academic performance. This is a systematic review conducted in the databases BVS, SciELO, PubMed, LILACS, Periódicos CAPES, and IndexPsi, within the period from August 2018 to August 2019. This starting question has been adopted: do children with ADHD using pharmacological treatment show improvement in school performance when compared to another type of intervention? The eligibility criteria for the articles have been: publication between 2009 and 2019; at least one of the descriptors adopted in this study included in the title and abstract; and analysis of school performance. Eight studies have been selected; 1,132 children participated in them, from countries such as the United States of America (USA), China, and Norway. The most frequent intervention to treat ADHD for school/academic performance outcomes was pharmacotherapeutic, through the use of Methylphenidate. It was found that there are no studies focusing on multimodal treatment, thus, it is recommended to carry out research that addresses its effectiveness.El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) generalmente se diagnostica en niños de edad escolar. Así, se ha buscado describir, a través de la literatura, intervenciones para niños con TDAH centradas en el logro académico. Se trata de una revisión sistemática realizada en las bases BVS, SciELO, PubMed, LILACS, Periódicos CAPES e IndexPsi, en el período de agosto de 2018 a agosto de 2019. Se ha adoptado esta pregunta de partida: ¿niños con TDAH en tratamiento farmacológico muestran mejoría en rendimiento escolar en comparación con otro tipo de intervención? Los criterios de elegibilidad de los artículos han sido: publicación entre 2009 y 2019; al menos uno de los descriptores adoptados en este estudio incluido en el título y resumen; y análisis del rendimiento escolar. Se han seleccionado 8 estudios; en ellos participaron 1.132 niños, de países como Estados Unidos de América (EE. UU.), China y Noruega. La intervención más frecuente para tratar el TDAH para los resultados de rendimiento escolar/académico fue el farmacoterapéutico, mediante el uso de Metilfenidato. Se constató que no existen estudios enfocados en el tratamiento multimodal, por lo que se recomienda realizar investigaciones que aborden su efectividad.Le trouble du déficit de l’attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH) est généralement diagnostiqué chez les enfants d’âge scolaire. Ainsi, nous avons cherché à décrire, à travers la littérature, des interventions réalisées pour les enfants atteints de TDAH axées sur la réussite scolaire. Il s’agit d’une revue systématique effectuée dans les bases BVS, SciELO, PubMed, LILACS, Periódicos CAPES et IndexPsi, au cours de la période d’août 2018 à août 2019. Cette question de départ a été adoptée : enfants atteints de TDAH utilisant un traitement pharmacologique montrent-ils une amélioration de leurs réussite scolaire par rapport à un autre type d’intervention ? Les critères d’éligibilité des articles étaient : publication entre 2009 et 2019; au moins un des descripteurs adoptés dans cette étude inclus dans le titre et le résumé; et analyse de la réussite scolaire. Huit études ont été sélectionnées; 1 132 enfants y ont participé, de pays comme les États-Unis d’Amérique (USA), la Chine et la Norvège. L’intervention la plus fréquemment utilisée dans le traitement du TDAH pour les résultats de réussite scolaire/académique était pharmacothérapeutique, par l’utilisation du Méthylphénidate. Il a été constaté qu’il n’y a pas d’études axées sur le traitement multimodal, il est donc recommandé de mener des recherches sur son efficacité.O transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH) é geralmente diagnosticado em crianças em idade escolar. Assim, buscou-se descrever, por meio da literatura, intervenções realizadas em crianças com TDAH focando no desempenho acadêmico. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada nas bases BVS, SciELO, PubMed, LILACS, Periódicos CAPES e IndexPsi, no período de agosto de 2018 a agosto de 2019. Adotou-se a seguinte pergunta de partida: crianças com TDAH em uso de tratamento farmacológico apresentam melhora do desempenho escolar quando comparadas a outro tipo de intervenção? Os critérios de elegibilidade dos artigos foram: publicação entre 2009 e 2019; ao menos um dos descritores adotados neste estudo incluído no título e resumo; e análise do desempenho escolar. Foram selecionados 8 estudos; deles participaram 1.132 crianças, de países como Estados Unidos da América (EUA), China e Noruega. A intervenção usada em maior frequência no tratamento do TDAH para os desfechos de desempenho escolar/acadêmico foi o farmacoterapêutico, mediante o uso do Metilfenidato. Constatou-se a inexistência de estudos com foco no tratamento multimodal, assim, recomenda-se a realização de pesquisas que abordem sua eficácia

Prevalence and characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome in brazilian women : protocol for a nation-wide case-control study

Introduction Brazil is a large country, with a population of mixed ethnic background and broad variation in dietary and physical activity traits across its five main regions. Because data on Brazilian women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are still scarce, a nation-wide collaborative study was designed to determine the prevalence of metabolic and reproductive abnormalities and the presence of anxiety and depression in Brazilian women with PCOS. In addition, the study aims at describing how these characteristics are distributed across PCOS phenotypes and at detecting associations with regional demographic and lifestyle aspects, genetic variants, and epigenetic markers. Methods and analysis The Brazilian PCOS study is being conducted in the outpatient clinics of eight university hospitals within the public healthcare network (Unified Health System) across the country. Additional centres will be included following completion of the research ethics approval process. The sample includes women with PCOS according to Rotterdam criteria at inclusion in the study and a control group of healthy women matched by age, socioeconomic status and geographical region. Data will be collected in each centre and incorporated into a unified cloud database. Clinical, demographic, socioeconomic, psychological, metabolic, epigenetic and genotypic variables will be evaluated. The data resulting from this study will be useful to guide specific public strategies for primary and secondary prevention of metabolic and reproductive comorbidities in the PCOS population of Brazil

Association of Genetic Variants With Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Individuals With African Ancestry.

Importance:Primary open-angle glaucoma presents with increased prevalence and a higher degree of clinical severity in populations of African ancestry compared with European or Asian ancestry. Despite this, individuals of African ancestry remain understudied in genomic research for blinding disorders. Objectives:To perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of African ancestry populations and evaluate potential mechanisms of pathogenesis for loci associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. Design, Settings, and Participants:A 2-stage GWAS with a discovery data set of 2320 individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma and 2121 control individuals without primary open-angle glaucoma. The validation stage included an additional 6937 affected individuals and 14 917 unaffected individuals using multicenter clinic- and population-based participant recruitment approaches. Study participants were recruited from Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, the United States, Tanzania, Britain, Cameroon, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Morocco, Peru, and Mali from 2003 to 2018. Individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma had open iridocorneal angles and displayed glaucomatous optic neuropathy with visual field defects. Elevated intraocular pressure was not included in the case definition. Control individuals had no elevated intraocular pressure and no signs of glaucoma. Exposures:Genetic variants associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. Main Outcomes and Measures:Presence of primary open-angle glaucoma. Genome-wide significance was defined as P < 5 × 10-8 in the discovery stage and in the meta-analysis of combined discovery and validation data. Results:A total of 2320 individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma (mean [interquartile range] age, 64.6 [56-74] years; 1055 [45.5%] women) and 2121 individuals without primary open-angle glaucoma (mean [interquartile range] age, 63.4 [55-71] years; 1025 [48.3%] women) were included in the discovery GWAS. The GWAS discovery meta-analysis demonstrated association of variants at amyloid-β A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 2 (APBB2; chromosome 4, rs59892895T>C) with primary open-angle glaucoma (odds ratio [OR], 1.32 [95% CI, 1.20-1.46]; P = 2 × 10-8). The association was validated in an analysis of an additional 6937 affected individuals and 14 917 unaffected individuals (OR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09-1.21]; P < .001). Each copy of the rs59892895*C risk allele was associated with increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma when all data were included in a meta-analysis (OR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.14-1.25]; P = 4 × 10-13). The rs59892895*C risk allele was present at appreciable frequency only in African ancestry populations. In contrast, the rs59892895*C risk allele had a frequency of less than 0.1% in individuals of European or Asian ancestry. Conclusions and Relevance:In this genome-wide association study, variants at the APBB2 locus demonstrated differential association with primary open-angle glaucoma by ancestry. If validated in additional populations this finding may have implications for risk assessment and therapeutic strategies

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Aeroelastic state space reconstruction by singular value decomposition

Analisar fenômenos aeroelásticos não-lineares através de dados experimentais é uma poderosa ferramenta para a identificação e controle de comportamentos aeroelásticos adversos. A modelagem matemática de sistemas aeroelásticos não-lineares não é trivial, fato que muitas vezes leva a admissão de simplificações, afastando o modelo da realidade. Desta forma, a análise de sistemas dinâmicos sem a necessidade de um modelo, feita através da análise de séries temporais obtidas de experimentos, pode fornecer melhores resultados. Alguns métodos de análise de séries temporais, como o método da defasagem, para reconstrução do espaço de estados, são sensíveis ao ruído, inevitavelmente presente em qualquer série temporal experimental. Este trabalho apresenta a técnica da decomposição em valores singulares (SVD), que reconstrói o espaço de estados eliminando o ruído presente na série temporal em um único processo. O método SVD é aplicado em séries temporais aeroelásticas, obtidas experimentalmente de um modelo de asa ensaiado em túnel de vento. Com os espaços de estados reconstruídos, é feita uma análise qualitativa do sistema aeroelástico, a evolução dos atratores obtidos com a variação de alguns parâmetros é apresentada. Comparações com o método da defasagem são realizadas com a aplicação dos métodos a uma série temporal aeroelástica do experimento. Os resultados mostram que a técnica (SVD) é mais confiável que o método da defasagem, os atratores obtidos revelam a ocorrência de bifurcações e comportamentos complexos, possivelmente caóticos.Nonlinear aeroelastic phenomena analysis by using experimental data is a powerful tool for identification and control of adverse aeroelastic behaviors. Mathematical models for nonlinear aeroelastic systems are not trivial, by this, simplifications are assumed, thereby deviating from reality. Then, the analysis of dynamic systems without the need of a mathematical model, done by the analysis of experimental time series, may provide better results. However, methods of time series analysis, like the method of delays, for state space reconstruction are sensitive to noise, unavoidably present in experimental data. This work presents the application of singular value decomposition (SVD) that reconstructs the state space, eliminating noise present in the time series. The SVD method is applied in experimental aeroelastic time series, obtained from a wind tunnel wing model. With the reconstructed state spaces, qualitative analyses are done and the evolutions of the obtained attractors with parametric variation are presented. Comparisons with the method of delays are realized by applying MOD and SVD in a same experimental aeroelastic time series. The results show that the SVD method is more reliable than MOD and the obtained attractors reveal the occurrence of bifurcations and complex behavior, possibly chaotic

Characterization and detection of freeplay nonlinearity in aeroelastic systems

A caracterização de não linearidades em aeronaves é fundamental para a solução de problemas aeroelásticos, onde uma relação ótima entre desempenho e segurança é desejável. Sistemas aeroelásticos são inerentemente não lineares. Não linearidades podem ser admitidas no projeto, ou podem surgir a qualquer momento durante a vida útil da aeronave, afetando significativamente a resposta prevista por meios clássicos de análise linear, de forma que instabilidades catastróficas podem ocorrer antes dos limites de operação. Portanto, torna-se importante caracterizar, identificar e incluir tais efeitos não lineares no projeto e desenvolvimento de aeronaves. Neste trabalho, através da utilização de técnicas de análise de séries temporais não lineares e identificação, a não linearidade associada à folga, muito comum em superfícies de comando, é caracterizada de forma a permitir sua detecção em sinais aeroelásticos e inclusão de seus efeitos em modelos. Um modelo matemático de seção típica com folga na superfície de comando é implementado e utilizado para gerar uma base de dados confiável para testar a capacidade dos métodos de análise de séries temporais não lineares. As técnicas são aplicadas também em dados experimentais de uma asa a altos ângulos de ataque, sem um modelo matemático definido, para testar a capacidade de caracterização de comportamentos não lineares. Através de técnicas como reconstrução de espaço de estados, seções de Poincaré e determinação de invariantes, como os maiores expoentes de Lyapunov, os comportamentos e transições são classificados. Finalmente, as técnicas são aplicadas em dados experimentais de seções típicas com dois e três graus de liberdade, com folga no movimentos de torção e na superfície de comando, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que uma folga pode gerar comportamentos similares aos apresentados por sistemas com não linearidade cúbica hardening em condições periódicas. No entanto, o comportamento subcrítico provocado pela folga, bem como a ocorrência de comportamento não linear mais complexo são características que diferenciam essas não linearidades. Em experimento com três graus de liberdade, a folga é localizada e caracterizada na superfície de comando através das técnicas propostas. Um modelo baseado em uma função aproximante para a folga é utilizado para identificar a resposta experimental e incluir a não linearidade no modelo matemático. Os resultados mostram que o modelo identificado é capaz de reproduzir a maior parte da dinâmica apresentada no experimento.Characterization of nonlinearities in aircraft is critical to the solution of aeroelastic problems where an optimal relation between performance and safety is desirable. Aeroelastic systems are inherently nonlinear. Nonlinearities can be admitted in the project, or may arise at any time during the life of the aircraft, significantly affecting the predicted response by conventional methods of linear analysis and reducing the limits for catastrophic instabilities. Therefore, it is important to characterize, identify and include such non-linear effects to the design and development of aircraft. In this work, through nonlinear time series analysis and identification techniques, the freeplay nonlinearity, very common in control surfaces, is characterized to permit its detection in aeroelastic signals, and the inclusion of its effects in numerical models. A mathematical model of typical section with control surface freeplay nonlinearity is implemented and used to generate a reliable database to test the ability of nonlinear time series analysis methods. The techniques are also applied to experimental data of a wing at high angles of attack, without a prescribed mathematical model, to test the ability of characterizing non-linear behavior. Through techniques such as state space reconstruction, Poincaré sections and determination of system\'s invariants, as the largest Lyapunov exponents, non-linear behavior and transitions are classified. Finally, the techniques are applied to experimental data of typical sections with two and three degrees of freedom with freeplay in the torsional spring and in the control surface hinge, respectively. The results show that the freeplay may generate similar behavior to those presented by non-linear systems with cubic hardening nonlinearity under periodic conditions. However, the subcritical behavior caused by freeplay, and the occurrence of complex nonlinear behavior are features that distinguish these nonlinearities. In an experiment with three degrees of freedom, the freeplay is located in the control surface hinge and characterized by the presented techniques. A model based on an approximating function for the freeplay is used to identify the experimental response and include the nonlinearity in the mathematical model. It is shown that the identified model can reproduce the major part of the non-linear dynamics shown in the experiment

Investigations on the stability and effectiveness of wing-based piezoaeroelastic systems with combined nonlinearities

An investigation on the effects of the existence of freeplay, polynomial stiffness and aerodynamic nonlinearities on the dynamical responses of flutter-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvesting systems is performed. The nonlinear governing equations of the considered piezoaeroelastic energy harvesting system are derived including structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities, namely stall effects. The aerodynamic loading used in this study is the unsteady representation, based on the Duhamel formulation. Nonlinear piezoaeroelastic response analysis is carried out in the presence of freeplay combined with structural hardening nonlinearities before and after the linear onset of flutter. Such nonlinearities must be considered in the modeling and design of piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters, the combination of it can result in the presence of several secondary bifurcations and multiple solution regions and, therefore, affect the overall efficiency of the system. It is shown that the existence of freeplay nonlinearity leads to the possibility of harvesting energy at lower speeds than the linear onset speed of instability. As the gap size of the freeplay nonlinearity increases, the polynomial quadratic term in structural nonlinearity minimally affects the performance of the energy harvester. Further, it is shown that the stall effect should be considered when the angle of attack is higher than 2$$^{\circ }$$ which significantly affect the higher Hopf bifurcations in the pitch degree of freedom